In the case of afatinib and PHA-665752 resistance, upregulation of ABCB1 expression was connected with selection for a cancer stem cell phenotype and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) switch [41]
In the case of afatinib and PHA-665752 resistance, upregulation of ABCB1 expression was connected with selection for a cancer stem cell phenotype and an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) switch [41]. resensitized DMS114/NIN cells against nintedanib by downregulation of ABCB1 expression. PKC and downstream NFB were identified as major downstream players in ETAR-mediated ABCB1 hyperactivation. Summarizing, ABCB1 needs to be considered as a factor underlying nintedanib resistance. Combination approaches with ETAR antagonists or switching to non-ABCB1 substrate FGFR inhibitors represent innovative strategies to manage nintedanib resistance in lung cancer. gene is amplified in defined subgroups of both NSCLC and SCLC and proved to be a driving oncogene in a substantial subgroup of patients suffering from these cancer types [12, 13]. Intense research is Malic enzyme inhibitor ME1 ongoing regarding strategies to target oncogenic FGFR1 and several clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of various FGFR inhibitors in patients with lung cancer are currently active or have already been completed [10, 14, 15]. Nintedanib is a selective small-molecule inhibitor of FGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) that has recently been approved for second-line treatment after chemotherapy failure in advanced lung adenocarcinoma [15, 16]. Currently, several Malic enzyme inhibitor ME1 trials employing nintedanib are also conducted in SCLC (www.clinicaltrials.gov). Nevertheless, despite the initial success of FGFR1-targeting small molecule therapy, occurrence of acquired therapy resistance is one factor limiting the successful application of FGFR inhibitors in lung cancer [8, 17]. Data on mechanisms underlying therapy failure or resistance development with respect to small molecule FGFR inhibitors in lung cancer are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to dissect molecular factors underlying acquired FGFR inhibitor resistance in FGFR1-driven lung cancer. We have identified ATP-binding-cassette transporter B1 (ABCB1) overexpression as decisive mechanism for acquired nintedanib resistance in FGFR1-driven SCLC but not NSCLC cell models. Additionally, we demonstrate that nintedanib is a substrate of ABCB1 and, hence, this resistance mechanism needs to be considered as a factor limiting therapy response. RESULTS Selection of FGFR1-driven SCLC and NSCLC cell lines for SFN nintedanib resistance To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance against the FGFR inhibitor nintedanib, we selected one FGFR1-powered SCLC (DMS114) and two NSCLC cell lines Malic enzyme inhibitor ME1 (NCI-H1703, NCI-H520) for obtained nintedanib resistance. Each one of these lung cancers cell lines keep amplification from the gene (proven for DMS114, Amount ?Figure1A)1A) and also have previously been proven to become hypersensitive to FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition [13]. Publicity of cells over almost a year to constantly raising nintedanib dosages up to the reduced micromolar range led to pronounced obtained nintedanib level of resistance towards the choice drug (Amount ?(Amount1B1B and Supplementary Amount S1). When seeded at low thickness, 5M nintedanib highly reduced clone development capability of DMS114 cells (75% reduced amount of colony development). On the other hand, at the same focus of nintedanib, clone development capacity for DMS114/NIN cells had not been affected (Amount ?(Amount1C).1C). Also, apoptosis/cell loss of life induction by nintedanib was considerably low in the subline when compared with the parental cell series, indicated by a lesser percentage of cells with positive Annexin V/PI staining (Amount ?(Figure1D).1D). When activated for a quarter-hour using the ligand FGF2, FGFR1 downstream signaling in DMS114 cells was turned on as shown by elevated ERK and AKT phosphorylation massively. Preincubation from the cells with nintedanib for one hour blocked FGF2-mediated activation of FGFR1 signaling completely. In DMS114/NIN cells basal phosphorylation degrees of FGFR1 downstream goals ERK and AKT had been strongly increased and additional improved by FGF2. As opposed to the parental cell series, nintedanib publicity of DMS114/NIN cells didn’t result in comprehensive blockade of FGFR1-mediated downstream signaling (Amount ?(Figure1E1E). Open up in another window Amount 1 Generation of the FGFR1-powered SCLC cell series with obtained nintedanib resistanceA. aCGH evaluation was utilized to elucidate comparative gene dose adjustments of DMS114 cells compared to normal human reference point DNA..